YOUTH FARMERS TRAINED ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KAHE WARD

SIYB trainer Mr.Martin Jeremiah  presenting during seminar workshop.

Facilitator noting something on board.

Young farmers listening careful to the facilitator

Mr. Mbele, project coordinator prepare some training documentations during training.

Mr Calvin Salema, FASO project accountant during seminar workshop..

Youth farmers are considered as backbone of the country. In Tanzania youth is currently the largest group in its history facing a number of critical life decisions. Their well being and health is profoundly important for agribusiness development.

In this context, FASO is implementing a project funded by ILO through The Foundation for Civil Society (FCS) to provide five-day entrepreneurship training to youth farmers in Kahe ward, Moshi Rural recently to assist them to set up their own business (formal farming business) and save them from unemployment.

As part of Organic farming project, the training involved ILO entrepreneurship training packages and the trainer was Mr. Martin Jeremiah (Qualified ILO SYB trainer). Through those training youth farmers were offered business and counseling in areas including business start-up, business planning, management, marketing, finance and customer care.

The endeavors will be made to facilitate those youth farmers for market identification and product development. FASO will contribute in building networking with available Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to the entrepreneurs for access to finance to establish small scale enterprise.

“Promoting entrepreneurship to youth farmers is our main worry and objective,” says Innocent Mbele, the Coordinator of the project. He indicates that in the country, the lack of employment is a major challenge encountered by youth. Although agriculture is a backbone of Tanzania economy, there is a decreasing interest among youth in entering agricultural related fields due to the persistent perception of agriculture as an outdated field with minimal financial returns. Agriculture must be made ‘sexy’ and profitable to the youth, and entrepreneurship training to young farmers is a one of the solution…He said. 

FASO SIGNED A CONTRACT WITH THE FOUNDATION FOR CIVIL SOCIETY

Mr. Innocent Mbele, FASO Executive Director (left) and Mr. Calvin Salema, Project Accountant (right) showing signed contracts.

FASO signed a contract with the foundation for civil society (ILO partner). The contract was signed by Mr. Innocent Mbele, Executive Director and Mr. Calvin Salema, Project accountant. Amounting to a total value of TSHS.21,777,000/- of which ILO through the foundation for civil society will funds amount to TSH.16,217,000/- and own contribution from FASO amounts to TSH.5,560,000/-. 

Project will be implemented in a period of nine (9) months, with the aim of training youth farmers on organic vegetables and fruits farming and processing. The project will be implemented in Kahe ward, Moshi Rural, Kilimanjaro-Tanzania.
 The project have the following focus:-

1. Training youth on how to start and improve their own business (SIYB, ILO entrepreneurship package) .
2. Training youth on how to form and operate a cooperative society
3. Training youth on organic vegetables and fruits farming.
4. Training youth on how to process vegetables and fruits.

BENKI YA DUNIA YAIPA CHANGAMOTO AFRIKA KUBORESHA MATUMIZI YA ARDHI KUONDOA UMASIKINI

Ripoti ya Benki hiyo iliyotolewa Julai 22, 2013  imeeleza kuwa ingawa nchi za Afrika ina karibu nusu ya eneo la ardhi nzuri  ambayo haijaendelezwa kwa kilimo, bara hilo limeshindwa  kuiendeleza ardhi hiyoinayokadiriwa kuwa hekta milioni  202 kujikwamua katika umaskini, kuleta maendeleo ya uchumi,kuongeza nafasi za kazi na kulleta mafanikio kwa jumla.

 

Ripoti hiyo inayoitwa  “Kutumia ardhi ya Afrika kwa mafanikio ya pamoja,”  inaeleza kuwa  nchi za Afrika najamii zake zinaweza kabisa kuondoa tatizo la uporaji wa ardhi, kuzalisha mazao ya chakula na kubadilisha  taratibu za usimamizi na umiliki  wa ardhi katika mwongo ujao.Afrika, Ripoti  hiyo imeeleza, ina kiwango kikukbwa cha umaskini ambapo asilimia  47.5 ya watu wake wana kipato chini ya  dola za Marekani $1.25 kwa siku..

“Licha ya kuwa na ardhi kubwa na utajiri wa madini, Afrika bado ni maskini ,”  anasema  Makhtar Diop, Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya Dunia kwa Afrika.

“Kuboresha usimamiaji wa ardhi ni muhimu kwa maendeleo ya haraka na kutoa nafasi  zaidi kwa waafrika , wakiwemo wanawake ambao ni asilimia 70 ya wakulima wa Afrika ambao wanakwazwa  kumiliki ardhi na sheria za kimila..Hali hii haikubaliki na lazima ibadilike ili waafrika waweze kunufaika na ardhi yao.”

Ripoti hiyo imeeleza kuwa zaidi ya asilimia 90 ya ardhi ya ardhi haijarasimishwa, hivyo kuwa na hatari kubwa ya uporaji na kuchukuliwa kwa malipo ya chini ya fidia.

 

Hata hivyo kumekuwa na matumaini ya maboresho  chini ya mipango inayoendelezwa katika nchi za   Ghana, Malawi, Msumbiji,, Tanzania, na Uganda ambapo  mpango wa kutumia  ardhi kwa mafanikio ya pamoja  unaweza kuleta mapinduzi  ya  uzalishaji wa kilimo na uporaji wa ardhi na  kuondoa umaskini wa kutupea Afrika..

Mpango wa kuleta mabadiliko

Ripoti hiyo inapendekeza kuwa Afrika inaweza kufanikiwa kuendeleza ardhi yake  katika kipindi cha muongo ujao kwa::

· Kuwa na mabadiliko  na uwekezaji kurasimisha ardhi  na  maeneo muhimu yanayomilikiwa na watu binafsi.  Kusimamia taratibu za umiliki za maeneo yaliyovamiwa  na kujengwa  bila mpangilio mijini ambapo wanaishi zaidi ya  watu asilimila 60 barani Afrika.

Kukabiliana na udhaifu wa utawala na rushwa katika mfumo wa  usimamizi wa ardhi katika nchi za Afrika ambao  kwa kawaida unapendelea wakubwa na kuathiri maslahi ya wananchi walio maskini. Serikali za Afrika kuwa na dhamira  ya kisiasa  kuhimiza  mabadiliko haya ya ardhi kuvutia raslimali na uwezekezaji wa jamii ya kimataifa. .

Ripoti  hiyo inasema kuwa mpango huo utagharimu  nchi za Afrika  na  washirika wa maendeleo , ikiwemo sekta bianfsi kiasi cha  dola za Marekani bilioni 4.5  katika kipindi cha miaka 10 kuleta mabadiliko ya sera na uwekezaji

HOW AFRICA CAN TRANSFORM LAND TENURE, REVOLUTIONIZE AGRICULTURE, AND END POVERTY

Makhtar Diop portrait MIT Boston 2013

EMBARGOED: NOT FOR PUBLICATION, BROADCAST, OR TRANSMISSION UNTIL MONDAY, JULY 22, 2013 AT 09:00 AM EDT.

NEWS RELEASE

How Africa Can Transform Land Tenure, Revolutionize Agriculture, and End Poverty  

A Ten Step Plan for Change

WASHINGTON, DC, July 22, 2013 – Sub-Saharan Africa is home to nearly half of the world’s usable, uncultivated land but so far the continent has not been able to develop these unused tracts, estimated at more than 202 million hectares, to dramatically reduce poverty and boost growth, jobs, and shared prosperity.

According to a new World Bank report, “Securing Africa’s Land for Shared Prosperity,” released today, African countries and their communities could effectively end ‘land grabs,’ grow significantly more food across the region, and transform their development prospects if they can modernize the complex governance procedures that govern land ownership and management over the next decade. Africa has the highest poverty rate in the world with 47.5 percent of the population living below US $1.25 a day.

“Despite abundant land and mineral wealth, Africa remains poor,” says Makhtar Diop, World Bank Vice President for Africa. “Improving land governance is vital for achieving rapid economic growth and translating it into significantly less poverty and more opportunity for Africans, including women who make up 70 percent of Africa’s farmers yet are locked out of land ownership due to customary laws. The status quo is unacceptable and must change so that all Africans can benefit from their land.”

The report notes that more than 90 percent of Africa’s rural land is undocumented, making it highly vulnerable to land grabbing and expropriation with poor compensation. However based on encouraging evidence from country pilots in African countries such as Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda, Securing Africa’s Land for Shared Prosperity suggests an action plan that could help revolutionize agricultural production, end land grabbing, and eradicate extreme poverty in Africa.

An action plan for change

The report suggests that Africa could finally realize the vast development promise of its land over the course of the next decade by:

· Championing reforms and investments to document all communal lands and prime lands that are individually owned 

· Regularizing tenure rights of squatters on public land in urban slums that are home to 60 percent of urban dwellers in Africa. 

· Tackling the weak governance and corruption endemic to the land governance system in many African countries which often favor the status quo and harm the interests of poor people.

· Generating the political will of African governments to mobilize behind these land reforms and attract the political and financial buy-in of the international development community.

The new report says it would cost African countries and their development partners, including the private sector, US $4.5 billion spread over 10 years to scale up these policy reforms and investments.

 “Improving the performance and productivity of Africa’s agricultural sector is vital for broad-based growth, more jobs, investment, and substantially less poverty,” says Jamal Saghir, World Bank Director for Sustainable Development in Africa. “Land governance is a proven pathway to achieving transformational change and impact that will help secure Africa’s future for the benefit of all its families.”

Opportunities for change have never been better

Surging food commodity prices and foreign direct investment have increased the potential return on investing in effective land administration through higher agricultural yields and better market access and prices. Most African countries already have the basic land laws in place that recognize customary land rights and gender equality which are essential to reinforce needed reforms.

In addition, new satellite and information technologies can greatly reduce the cost of land administration. A growing number of African countries are now using these technologies to reduce the costs of surveying and mapping land and computerizing their land registries to improve efficiency and reduce corruption.  

Some 26 African countries have established at least one continuously operating reference station (CORS) and about 50 CORS are contributing data to the African geodetic reference system, which, once completed, will provide a uniform coordinate reference system across the continent.

Challenges remain

With only 10 percent of Africa’s rural land registered, inefficient land administration means that it takes twice as long and costs twice as much to transfer land compared to industrialized countries, and weak governance is the leading cause for corruption in the land sector.

The report warns that “…unless communal and individual land rights are registered and land governance is improved, the recent surge in foreign direct investment in Africa will not generate shared and sustained growth, as disruptions will likely arise from the dispossession of local communities, and investors’ deals will face severe uncertainty or collapse, as witnessed in Madagascar in 2009.”  

The report notes successful examples of how African governments have undertaken tough reforms, enacted laws and implemented progressive land policies that have benefited poor communities. Highlighting the need for greater capacity, the report finds that Ghana, Kenya and Uganda each have fewer than 10 professional land surveyors per one million people, compared to 197 in Malaysia and 150 in Sri Lanka.  Of Kenya’s 206 registered land surveyors, only 85 were found to be practicing.  The report points to the futility of building capacity without making complementary investments in land administration.

“Land governance issues need to be front and center in Africa to maintain and better its surging growth and achieve its development promise,” says Frank Byamugisha, author of the report and Lead Land Specialist in the World Bank’s Africa Region. “Our findings provide a useful, policy-oriented roadmap for African countries and communities to secure their own land for building shared prosperity.”

As of 2002, at least 20 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa had recognized customary land rights and gender equality, a number that has nearly doubled. The African Union Commission has developed a land policy framework backed by a five year strategic plan for implementation to 2016.

How the World Bank Group helps to improve land governance

As this report points out, Africa is home to the largest amount of land that can be brought under the plow and securing access to land is critical for millions of its people. Investing in improved land governance then offers a win-win opportunity for governments, investors and the landless.

The World Bank Group supports and endorses the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (“the VGs”). These guidelines are a major international instrument to inform specific policy reforms, including our own procedures and guidance to clients. The World Bank Group is already working with countries to implement the VGs, with a special focus on Africa.

The World Bank Group and its partners have also developed the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) as a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at the country level. LGAF assessments have been carried out—or are underway—in 18 countries, 10 of them in Africa. The World Bank Group now support 24  projects on land administration amounting to US $928 million – likely the largest number of interventions on the governance of land tenure of any international development agency.

Related:

Press Release: World Bank Group: Access to Land is Critical for the Poor
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/04/08/world-bank-group-access-to-land-is-critical-for-the-poor

Full Report Package:
http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/securing-africas-land-for-shared-prosperity

IJUE ALIZETI INAVYOTUMIKA KAMA MALISHO YA MIFUGO.

Alizeti haitoi mailisho pekee, pia inatoa mafuta bora kwa afya ya binadamu na pia malighafi inayotumiwa na nyuki kutengeneza asali.

Unapotengeneza chakula cha mifugo peke yako, si tu kupunguza gharama, lakini pia inakupa uhakika wa kuwa na chakula bora. Pia Wafugaji wa nyuki wanaopanda alizeti wanapata faida ya ziada kwa kupata asali iliyo bora kwa sababu nyuki hukusanya poleni kutoka kwenye alizeti wanapofanya ushavushaji.

Chanzo kizuri cha protini

Chakula cha mifugo kinachotengenezwa kutokana na alizeti ni chanzo kizuri cha protini kwa ajili ya mifugo, hasa ng’ombe wa maziwa, kuku, nguruwe na hata sungura. Malisho haya yana kiasi kikubwa cha protini, nyuzi nyuzi na kiasi kikubwa cha mafuta. Malisho haya yana protini kiasi cha asilimia 29-30, kiasi cha nyuzi nyuzi asilimia 27-31.

Moja ya tabia nzuri ya alizeti ni kwamba haina vitu vinavyoathiri virutubisho kwa mifugo, hata hivyo, ina kiasi kikubwa cha nyuzi nyuzi na mashudu yake kuwa magumu kiasi, jambo ambalo husababisha ugumu kidogo kwenye kusagwa tumboni. Mbali na virutubisho vya aina nyingine, alizeti ni chanzo kizuri cha kalishamu, fosiforasi na vitamini B.

Ubora wa alizeti inayotumika kwa ajili ya malisho ya mifugo inategemeana na namna ambayo imetayarishwa. Kwa mfano, alizeti inayosagwa bila kuondoa maganda ya nje, ina kiasi kikubwa cha nyuzi nyuzi (kati ya asilimia 27-30, lakini inakuwa na kiasi kidogo cha protini asilimia 23). Alizeti ambayo imetayarishwa kwa ubora wa hali ya juu huwa maganda yameondolewa na inakuwa na kiasi kikubwa cha protini, kiasi cha asilimia 40.

Mkulima anapaswa kufahamu kuwa alizeti bado inakuwa na virutubisho hata kama haitatayarishwa kwa ustadi. Mfugaji anaweza kutumia soya na karanga badala ya alizeti, lakini ni lazima apeleke alizeti kupima kuhakikisha kuwa ina nyuzinyuzi na virutubisho kwa kiwango cha nyuzinyuzi na protini kinachokubalika.

Inapendekezwa kutumia alizeti

Kulingana na utafiti ambao umefanyika nchini Tanzania, alizeti iliyochanganywa na pumba ya mahindi kwa kiasi cha asilimia 30, kisha kulishwa ng’ombe aina ya Zebu ina uwezo wa kuongeza uzalishaji wa maziwa kutoka lita 6.6 kwa siku mpaka lita 8.1 kwa siku. Nchini Zimbabwe, mashudu ya alizetu huchanganywa na mahindi pamoja na  mabua ya mahindi ambayo yamewekwa urea kwa kiwango cha wastani wa kilo 4.4 kwa siku, na kulishwa ng’ombe aina ya Jersey pamoja na ng’ombe chotara ambao hulishwa katika machungo ya wazi, Ng’ombe hawa huongeza kiasi cha maziwa kwa wastani wa kilo 5.8 mpaka kilo 6 kwa siku.

Aina ya alizeti

Kuna aina mbili za alizeti, alizeti fupi na alizeti ndefu. Aina ndefu hurefuka mpaka kufikia kiasi cha urefu wa mita 1.5-2.4. Uzalishaji wake ni hafifu ukilinganisha na mbegu za kisasa. Aina hii mara nyingi huwa ile inayojulikana kama Hungary nyeupe na Fedha. Alizeti fupi ni inayotokana na mbegu za kisasa ambayo huwa na urefu wa mita 1.2, aina hii huwa na mavuno mazuri zaidi ukilinganisha na aina ndefu.

Kutengeneza chakula cha mifugo

Kilo tatu na nusu za alizeti inapokamuliwa hutoa mafuta lita moja na mashudu kilo mbili na nusu.

Resheni kwa ng’ombe wa maziwa

•Changanya kilo 18 za mashudu ya alizeti na kilo 100 za pumba ya mahindi ili kutengeneza chakula cha ng’ombe.

•Mlishe ng’ombe anaezalisha maziwa kwa wingi kiasi cha kilo 4 ya mchanganyiko huo na kilo 2 kwa ng’ombe anaezalisha kiasi kidogo cha maziwa.

•Mbali na kulisha mchanganyiko huo, ng’ombe wa maziwa ni lazima apewe kiasi kingine cha chakula cha kawaida cha kila siku kama vile matete, hay, au aina nyingine yoyote ya malisho bora kwa kiasi cha kutosha.

Resheni kwa ajili ya kuku

Chakula cha kuanzia: Changanya kilo 22 za mashudu ya alizeti na kilo 100 za pumba ya mahindi Chakula cha kukuzia: Changanya kilo 20 za mashudu ya alizeti na kilo 100 za pumba ya mahindi au chenga.

Chakula kwa ajili ya kuku wanaotaga: Changanya kilo 18 za mashudu ya alizeti na kilo 100 za chenga za mahindi

ZINGATIA: Unapotengeneza chakula kwa ajili ya ng’ombe wa maziwa, mfugaji ni lazima ahakikishe kuwa mashudu hayazidi asilimia 20 ya resheni ya kulishia. Kwa ajili ya kulishia kuku, alizeti isizidi asilimia 7 ya jumla ya resheni.

Namna ya kuzalisha alizeti

 

Hali ya hewa: Alizeti hustawi vizuri zaidi kwenye udongo tifutifu, wenye rutuba ya kutosha. Zao hili lina mizizi inayoenda chini kwa kiwango cha kikubwa hivyo kuiwezesha kustawi hata katika sehemu yenye kiwango kidogo cha mvua. Kiasi cha wastani wa milimita 500-750 za mvua zinatosha kabisa kwa uzalishaji wa alizeti. Inaweza kulimwa kutoka usawa wabahari mpaka kufikia mwinuko wa mita 2600 kutoka usawa wa bahari.

Maandalizi ya shamba

Ni lazima kuhakikisha kuwa shamba limelimwa vizuri, ili kuweza kupata sehemu nzuri ya kusia mbegu.

Nafasi: Mbegu zinaweza kupandwa kwa nafasi ya sentimita 75 kwa 30 kwa kiasi cha kilo 2 kwa ekari moja (sawa na kilo 5 kwa hekari). Panda mbegu 3 kwa kila shimo, kisha acha mmea mmoja kwa kila shimo mimea inapofikia urefu wa sentimita 10-20.

Matumizi ya Mbolea

Alizeti hufanya vizuri kwenye udongo wenye rutuba. Matumizi ya mbolea inayotokana na miamba aina ya fosifeti inafaa zaidi kwa kuwa alizeti inahitaji fosifeti kwa kiasi kikubwa. Matumizi ya mbolea mboji iliyoandaliwa vizuri itaongeza virutubisho vya ziada kwenye udongo.

Alizeti hukua vizuri katika sehemu isiyokuwa na magugu. Palilia alizeti inapokuwa na urefu wa mita 0.7 (Kiasi cha wiki 4).

Ndege waharibifu

Ndege wanaweza kuharibu kiasi cha asilimia 50 ya alizeti endapo hawatafukuzwa. Ili kuzuia uharibifu huo, mkulima anaweza kuchukua hatua zifuatazo;

•Vunja shina la alizeti kufikia usawa wa magoti kabla ya alizeti kukauka. Unaweza pia kuvunja katika urefu wowote lakini alizeti iangalie chini ili kuzui ndege kudonoa.

• Ondoa alizeti shambani baada ya kukauka na kuihifadhi.

• Ubanguaji unaweza kufanyikia nyumbani kwa kutumia fimbo

• Alizeti ni lazima ikaushwe mpaka kufikia kiwango cha unyevu wa asilimia 10 kabla ya kuhifadhiwa

Chanzo:mkulima mbunifu,

UFUGAJI WA KUKU WA KIENYEJI

 
Ulishaji: Kuku wa kienyeji wanaweza kulishwa kwa kumia mahindi, mchele, na mabaki ya ugali. Vyakula hivi ni lazima vikaushwe vizuri na kusagwa vizuri. Ulishaji ni lazima ufanyike katika sehemu safi au kwa kutumia vyombo vilivyotengenezwa maalumu kwa ajilii ya kulishia kuku.

Banda: Kuku wawe wa kienyeji au wa kisasa, wanahitaji kuwa na banda zuri kwa ajili ya malazi na kuwalinda. Wanahitaji chumba chenye nafasi ya kutosha na kinachopitisha hewa ya kutosha. Ni lazima kuwawekea fito kwa kuwa ndege hupenda kupumzika juu ya fito. Ni lazima banda la kuku lifungwe vizuri nyakati za usiku ili kuzuia wanyama wanaoweza kuwadhuru kuku. Ni lazima liwe safi wakati wote ili kuzuia magonjwa kama vile mdondo na mengineyo. Usitumie pumba za mbao au nguo kuukuu kwenye viota vya kutagia kwani huchochea kuwepo utitiri na funza wa kuku. Inashauriwa kutumia mchanga laini.

Maji ya kunywa: Kuku wapatiwe maji safi. Ni lazima kuangalia mara kwa mara na kuyabadilisha maji. Kamwe usiwape kuku maji machafu.

Chanjo: Chanjo kwa mifugo ni lazima ili kuzuia mashambulizi ya magonjwa. Magonjwa yaliyozoeleka ni kama vile Mdondo, Kideri, Ndui ya kuku, na homa ya matumbo (typhoid). Chanjo kwa kawaida hutolewa mara moja kwa kila baada ya miezi miwili.

Uwekaji wa kumbukumbu: Kumbukumbu zijumuishe aina ya ulishaji, namba ya uzalishaji, muda wa mwisho wa matumizi, kiasi cha malisho kwa kila siku, idadi ya vifo, na idadi ya mayai yaliyozalishwa.

Mwanzoni unahitaji nini?

Wafugaji walio wengi wanauliza wanahitaji nini katika hatua za awali ili kuweza kuanzisha mradi wa ufugaji wa kuku. Hii itategemea aina ya kuku uliochagua kufuga.

Ni busara kuwa na vifaa muhimu vinavyohitajika na viwe katika hali ya usafi kabla ya kuweka kuku bandani mwako. Kama unaanza na vifaranga, vifuatavyo ni vifaa muhimu vinavyohitajika kwa ajili ya vifaranga 200.

• Tenga na utengeneze banda zuri lenye joto na hewa ya kutosha wakati wote.

• Vyombo vinne (4) vya kunyweshea maji, hii ni katika wiki 2 za mwanzo na uongeze vyombo taratibu kulingana na kuku wanavyokua.

• Vyombo vinne (4) vya kulishia chakula, na viongezeke kulingana na kuku wanavyokua.

• Matandazo makavu na safi, inaweza kuwa maranda au mabua ya ngano.

• Pakiti moja au mbili za dawa ya Coccid (hii inapatikana katika maduka yote ya kilimo). Hata hivyo, utaratibu wa chanjo ni lazima ukamilishwe.

• Chakula kwa ajili ya vifaranga ambacho kimezalishwa na watengenezaji wanaoaminika.

chanzo:mkulima mbunifu

SUA GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVE(SUGECO)

 
Picha ya wahitimu wa moja ya chuo kikuu, wakiwa katika mahafali. 

 Kijana mjasiriamali akiwa katika mradi wake wa ufugaji wa kuku

SUA GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVE(SUGECO) ni ushirika wa wajasiriamali wahitimu wa chuo kikuu cha Sokoine(SUA) waliojiunga kwa pamoja kwa lengo la kujiajili kupitia kilimo na ufugaji. Lengo la SUGECO ni kuunganisha nguvu ili kumudu changamoto za mitaji zinazowakabili wahitimu wengi wa vyuo vikuu wanapenda kujiajiri baada ya kumaliza masomo yao. Wanachama wa SUGECO ni wahitimu wa SUA wanaojihusisha na kilimo, ufugaji wa kuku, samaki, ukamuaji wa mafuata ya alzeti, ukaushaji wa mboga mboga na matundana kilimo cha mazao.

Chama hicho kimewanufaisha wahitimu wengi ambapo benki ya CRDB imeweza kuwakopesha kiasi cha sh. 550 milioni. Mpango huu ambao umeungwa mkono na Rais, Mh. Kikwete unaonesha kuleta mafanikio katika kuleta ajira mpya kama utaendelezwa na kusimamiwa vizuri.

SUA WAWETHUBUTU, WAMEWEZA.. VYUO VINGINE JE!!!!,WAPI MUCCOBS? WAPI UDOM? WAPI TUMAINI N.K

Youth Can Change Agriculture With Motivation

TANZANIA needs to undergo youth mindset transformation to change their negative perceptions towards agriculture in a bid to attract more youths in agribusiness undertakings, a move that will curb the current unemployment challenge.
This can be done through provision of education to youth on entrepreneurship initiatives through trainings, workshops, media and making an easy access to capital through provision of loans with lower interest rates and grants to attract their effective involvement in the pliantly available agribusiness.
This stems from the fact that agriculture has continued and remains the only sector that has provided employment opportunities to 70 per cent of the population in the country, leaving only 30 per cent to be shared by other sectors of economy and the formal sector.
Activities like poultry keeping, dairy farming, training and advisory, agroforestry, fishery and cottage as well as agro-processing industries for agri based foods, are important avenues for youths to focus on essential sources of income and livelihood. Speaking at the launch of the Tanzania Youth in Agribusiness Forum (TYIAF) held in Morogoro recently, Prof Lascelles Chen said despite the challenges youths face; they remain key drivers and ambassadors of agricultural sector transformation in the country.
"Youths have the greatest potential of changing agricultural business landscape not only in the country but also at the global level, they only need courage, determination and positive attitude towards embracing agricultural sector," said Prof Chen, the Managing Director of Magadu Entrepreneurship and Business Training Institute (MEBTI).
"Despite the ups and downs encountered on the road towards achieving business success or effective involvement in agriculture, youths must have a focus and a determined mindset that will take them to the next levels of economic prosperity," he said.
Prof Chen was of the view that youths need to be in groups that will make them have an easy access to important services, specifically financial assistances from both public and private entities. "If you are standing alone, the bus of development will bypass you, but if you are standing in a group the bus will stop and take you and your group on board," said Prof Chen.
Citing the experience from Uganda, he said; "The fastest growing section of the Ugandan middle class is creating their wealth from enterprises based in the agricultural sector. Comparing to the old generation, he said youths have all what it takes to drive the future of agricultural sector in the country due to their versatility to changes.
Statistics show that the market for African staple foods like maize, milk, meat, banana, sorghum, rice and millet is estimated at over $150 billion a year and growing at between 3 - 8 per cent annually. The forum (TYIAF) was organized by Agri-Hub Tanzania - a network that deals with promoting farmer entrepreneurship in Tanzania in collaboration with the Tanzania Graduate Farmers Association (TGFA), Sokoine University Graduate Entrepreneurs Cooperative (SUGECO) - the two entities, the product of Sokoine University envisaging on the practice of commercial farming among graduate farmers in Tanzania together with 4-H and Farm Africa The event with a theme: "Kilimobiashara Ndio Mpango Mzima" attracted hundreds of youths, youth-led organizations and companies in agricultural sector and civil society organizations to discuss the role of youths and the future of agri-business in Tanzania.
"This forum is meant to awaken youths to know their roles and responsibility in fostering agribusiness practices in Tanzania, and as well connecting them with networks of potential funders," said Mr Juma Ngomuo, TGFA Membership and Advocacy Coordinator. Speaking at the forum Katarina Mungure, Agri-Hub Tanzania Assistant Coordinator said that the forum is aimed at improving business linkages between youth in the East African region through partnership with other Agri Hubs in East Africa.
Ms Mungure said that through Agri-Hub Tanzania online platform youths have managed to network and connect with markets of their products as well as taping into existing and emerging agribusiness opportunities in Tanzania. On the other hand Mr John Chobo, the Managing Director of Chobo Investment Limited pointed out that many youths still lack the daring spirit to venture into doing businesses - a situation that makes the fight against unemployment a difficult undertaking in the country.
"At the moment the rate of rural to urban movements among youths in the country has been rampant, but these could have just stayed in the rural to produce enough crops and sell them profitably, and create employment for others too," said Mr Chobo. "Let's stop sleeping, let's wake up and work hard to seize all the available opportunities. If we don't, then our neighbours will come to help us," Mr Chobo told youths at the forum, adding that, "the opportunities to be an entrepreneur are all around you right now if you take time to examine the challenges you face and filter them through the prism of business."
For some time now in Tanzania, youths have invested in creativity and innovations to improve and get involved in the sector, though there are some policy challenges that need to be addressed to attract many youths commercial agriculture undertaking. Furthermore, apart from the strides youths are making in agricultural sector in the country, the biggest challenge remains that most of these agricultural undertakings in the country are rain-fed, that they can't be done throughout the year.
Agricultural stakeholders say this situation too needs strategic measures to make it possible even during dry seasons. At the TYIAF stakeholders proposed that the deliverance of measures should be in a range of development interventions from the grassroots/ community level through a network of both private and public sector as well as development partners.
They said even though there are various efforts to promote the involvement of youths in agribusiness, still, this is not perceived as a viable business or employment option among the learned graduates - due to the wrong perception that farm work is the last option and activity for rural poor.
This, however, has attracted a number of media outlets ranging from websites, social Media, radio and televisions as well as magazines and newspaper venturing into publishing issues relating to agriculture to remove the wrong perceptions. Agri-Hub Tanzania as well, uses an online media platform as modern Information and Communication Technology tools (ICTs) to promote farmers entrepreneurship in partnership with TGFA, SUGECO and 4-H as well as Farm Africa to attract and promote youths in Agribusiness.
These organizations have been working on bringing voices of youths to the table, providing information on opportunities in agricultural development, sharing success stories of young role models in agriculture and advocating for greater youth engagement and representation.
It is also important to note that young people also demand products and, in the near future, they will be the world's largest group of consumers. As such, young people can play another key role: as consumers, a group that is already recognized as a potential driving force for change in our food (and other) systems. Change will not take place if consumers do not demand sustainably produced foods.
Source: Daily news

UFUGAJI WA NGURUWE

“Ufugaji wa Nguruwe ni lazima uwe wa kisasa ili kupata mazao bora. Unaweza kupata kila unachohitaji wewe, familia na hata ndugu zako kutokana na ufugaji wa nguruwe”, anasema Bwana Lomaiyani Molel kutoka Arusha. Jamii nyingi hapa Tanzania huchukulia nguruwe kama mnyama mchafu na asiyefaa kuwa karibu naye na hata kwa matumizi kama lishe. Zaidi, nyama yake inapendwa na haina madhara kwa afya na inapendekezwa kuliwa zaidi kuliko nyama nyekundu. Unaweza kuanzisha mradi wa nguruwe kwa gharama ndogo lakini baada ya kipindi cha miezi tisa tu ukaanza kujipatia kipato kutokana na ufugaji huo.

Ufugaji
Kwa kawaida nguruwe wanafugwa na watu wa kada zote, wafugaji wadogo wadogo na hata wakubwa. Aina hii ya ufugaji huweza kumpatia mkulima kipato pamoja na lishe kwa familia, na hauhitaji gharama kubwa.

Banda
Nguruwe wanahitaji kuwa na banda lililojengwa kwa vifaa nafuu. Unaweza kutumia mchanga na simenti kuweka sakafu, ama ukatumia udongo wa mfinyanzi kwa ajili ya kuweka sakafu. Ukubwa wa banda unategemeana na idadi ya nguruwe unaotaka kufuga. Mita 3 kwa mita 2.5 zitawaweka guruwe 8-10 wanaonenepeshwa kwa soko au nguruwe jike mmoja na nguruwe dume mmoja.
Malisho
Ulishaji wa nguruwe ni rahisi kwa kuwa wanakula aina mbalimbali za vyakula kulingana na mazingira wanayofugwa. Unaweza kuwalisha kwa kutumia majani laini ya aina mbalimbali, na pia hulishwa kwa kutumia masalia ya nafaka (pumba). Unaweza kuwalisha kwa kutumia mashudu au pumba aina ya Wheat Poland. Pia unaweza kuwalisha kwa kutumia mabaki ya jikoni.
Kuzaliana

Nguruwe hubeba mimba kwa kipindi cha siku 114, ambazo hugawanyika kwa miezi 3, wiki 3 na siku 3. Nguruwe mmoja ana uwezo wa kuzaa watoto 6 hadi 14 kwa mara moja. Watoto wa nguruwe (piglets) huanza kula chakula cha kawaida wanapofika umri wa mwezi mmoja na nusu mpaka miezi miwili. Endapo nguruwe watapata matunzo mazuri, baada ya miezi 8 wanakuwa na uzito kati ya kilo 50-70 na wanaweza kuuzwa.

 
Matunzo
Baada ya nguruwe kuzaa anatakiwa kupatiwa chakula cha kutosha na cha kutia nguvu ili kupata maziwa ya kutosha kwa ajili ya watoto wake. Watoto wa nguruwe wachomwe sindano ya madini ya chuma (Iron injection) baada ya siku moja au mbili toka kuzaliwa. Hii ni muhimu sana vinginevyo wanaweza kufa wote. Kata meno (tooth clipping) baada ya miezi mitatu. Unaweza kuhasi madume (castration) baada ya miezi miwili.

Magonjwa yanayoathiri nguruwe
Kuna aina nyingi za magonjwa yanayoshambulia nguruwe, lakini yapo yale yaliyozoeleka ambapo ni lazima kukabiliana nayo ili kuwa na ufugaji wenye tija.

Ugonjwa wa miguu na midomo
Ugonjwa huu huathiri nguruwe sehemu za miguu na midomo. Ni ugonjwa ambao hushambulia nguruwe mara kwa mara hasa wasipokuwa na matunzo mazuri. Ugonjwa wa miguu na midomo, hudhoofisha nguruwe kwa haraka sana, ikiwa ni pamoja na kupungua uzito.


Chanjo: Chanjo kwa ajili ya ugonjwa wa midomo na miguu (FMD vaccine) hutolewa kila baada ya mwaka mmoja. Hii inasaidia kuwaweka nguruwe wako katika hali nzuri zaidi bila kushambuliwa na magonjwa hayo.


Tiba: Ugonjwa huu hauna tiba halisi. Inapotokea nguruwe wakawa wameshambuliwa kinachofanyika ni kutibu magonjwa nyemelezi kwa kutumia antibiotics.
Homa ya Nguruwe (Swine fever)

Virusi vinavyosababisha ugonjwa wa homa ya nguruwe huenea kwa haraka sana miongoni mwa makundi ya nguruwe, na huua kwa haraka sana, lakini hauna madhara kwa binadamu na hauambukizwi kwa binadamu. Nguruwe walioambukizwa waanshikwa na vindonda ama mapunye kwenye ngozi. Pia masikio na ngozi huwa mekundu.

Chanjo: Ugonjwa huu hauna chanjo wala tiba. Kinachofanyika mlipuko unapotokea ili kuwa salama ni kuwateketeza nguruwe wote walioathirika na kuanza upya. Unaweza kuteketeza kwa kuwachoma moto.

Muhimu: Baada ya kuwateketeza nguruwe wagonjwa, safisha banda kisha nyunyiza dawa aiana ya Acon au Ectomin, na uache banda wazi kwa kipindi cha wiki moja kabla ya kuweka nguruwe wengine.
Ugonjwa wa mapafu (Pneumonia)

Huu ni ugonjwa unaoshambulia sehemu za koo na mapafu ya nguruwe, ambapo husababisha kukohoa na kupumua kwa shida. Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na bacteria (Secondary bacterial), joto kupita kiasi, vumbi na gesi inayotokana na madawa makali.


Tiba: Homa ya mapafu kwa nguruwe inatibika kwa kutumia antibiotics. Pamoja na kuwaweka wanyama sehemu safi, isiyo na baridi kali au joto la kupitiliza kiwango.

Kimeta (Anthrax)

Huu ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na bakteria wanaojulikana kama Bacillus anthracis, wadudu hawa wanabaki kuwa hai kwa muda mrefu na wanaweza kuwa kwenye udongo wakiwa hai kwa kipindi cha miaka mingi.

Chanjo: Chanja nguruwe wako dhidi ya kimeta kama utakavyoelekezwa na wataalamu wa mifugo walio karibu nawe.

Tiba: Unaweza kutibu nguruwe wako kwa kutumia dawa aina ya Penisilin au Oxytetracycline.

Muhimu: Homa ya nguruwe ni lazima iwekewe karatini kwa sababu husambaa kwa haraka sana. Nchini Tanzania mlipuko wa homa ya nguruwe umekuwa ukitokea mara kwa mara maeneo ya mpakani mwa Tanzania na Malawi na katika mkoa wa Mbeya.

Ufugaji wa nyuki ni kazi nzuri ya ziada

Ufugaji wa nyuki unaweza kuwa chanzo kizuri cha kipato cha ziada kwa wakulima wadogo wadogo.

Uzalishaji wa asali nchini Tanzania umekuwa ukitegemea sana wafugaji wadogo wadogo, wanaotumia njia za kiasili kama vile mizinga ya magogo au vyungu, kwa nyuki wa kiafrika ambao ni wengi sana kwenye mapori.

Ni muhimu kuwa na utaalamu wa kufuga nyuki

Mkulima ambae anahitaji kufuga nyuki ni lazima awe na uelewa wa mzunguko wa maisha ya nyuki. Anaye anza ni lazima aulize wafugaji wenzake ambao wana uzoefu wa kutosha, au kujiunga katika kikundi cha ufugaji ili apate ufahamu zaidi juu ya ufugaji wa nyuki.

Tafuta sehemu salama kwa ajili ya mzinga

Ni vizuri kutafuta mahali pazuri, salama, na penye sifa ya kufugia nyuki. Vifaa vyote vikishapatikana jambo linalofuata ni kuchagua mahali gani pa kuweka mzinga. Ni vizuri sehemu hii ikawa mahali ambapo makundi ya nyuki hukusanyika mara kwa mara.

Ni wapi pa kuweka mzinga!

Mara nyingine kupata eneo sahihi ni tatizo. Ni vizuri kuzingatia yafuatayo:

• Kulingana na hali ya kujilinda ya nyuki wa Afrika, haishauriwi kuweka mzinga shambani au karibu na shamba (weka umbali wa mita 150-200 kutoka kwenye mazao au nyumbani)

• Mzinga ni lazima uwekwe sehemu ambayo haitasababisha upotevu wa nyuki wanaporudi kutoka nje ya mzinga (wasiingie kwenye kundi lisilokuwa lao)

• Mizinga isiwekwe mbalimbali sana ili kuepusha usumbufu wa kutembea mbali kwa mfugaji wakati anapokagua. Eneo la kuweka mizinga ni lazima liwe :

• Kimya na mbali ya jumuia (hospitali, shule, na viwanja vya michezo) na maeneo ya biashara au viwanda.

• Karibu na maji masafi-kandokando ya mto, mabwawa ya samaki, mabeseni ya maji au sehemu ya matone.

• Iwe karibu na chakula cha nyukimimea inayochanua, miparachichi,

nazi, euculptus, migunga n.k

• Iwe sehemu ambayo ni kavu na isiwe sehemu ya tindiga kwani unyevu unyevu husababisha ugonjwa wa ukungu (fungal disease) na pia huzuia utengenezaji mzuri wa asali.

• Iwe mbali na watu waharibifu na iliyojificha kuepuka waharibifu.

• Sehemu ya mizinga ni lazima iwe inafikika kirahisi kwa kipindi chote cha mwaka ili iwe rahisi kuhamisha nyuki pale inapohitajika.

• Kuwe na kivuli cha kutosha hasa wakati wa mchana jua linapokuwa kali, na kusiwe na upepo mkali.

• Iwe mbali na mashamba, ambapo dawa za kuulia wadudu zinatumika.

Vichaka au wigo unaotenganisha mizinga na kuzuia wavamizi ni muhimu ili kupunguza ukali wa nyuki.

Jinsi ya kuweka mzinga

Baada ya sehemu ya kuweka mizinga kupatikana, kinachofuata ni kuandaa mizinga kwa ajili ya kuweka panapotakiwa.

• Safisha mzinga kuondoa uchafu wote, utando wa buibui na aina nyingine za wadudu.

• Weka chambo kwenye mzinga (waf ugaji wa nyuki mara nyingi hutumia nta) kwa kuipaka katika kuta za mzinga kwa ndani.

• Mzi nga unaweza kutundikwa kwenye mti, kwenye nguzo, kuweka kwenye jukwaa au kwenye miamba. Hii inategemea mkulima mwenyewe anapendelea njia ipi.

Aina za mizinga ya nyuki

Kifuniko juu (Top bar)

Hii ni aina ya mizinga inayotumika sana. Gharama yake ni karibi shilingi elfu hamsini za kitanzania. Ni aina nzuri sana kwa mtu anaeanza ufugaji wa nyuki kwa kuwa ni wa gharama nafuu. Hata hivyo mfugaji wa nyuki anaweza kutengeneza mzinga mwenyewe kama ana utaalamu wa useremala.

Faida

• Ni rahisi kukagua asali iliyo tayari.

• Ni rahisi kuvuna asali kuliko kuvuna toka kwenye mzinga wa kienyeji.

• Ni rahisi kuwatunza nyuki wakati wa kiangazi na inapokuwa hakuna maua. Mfugaji anaweza kuwapatia nyuki chakula ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa asali.

• Kurina asali ni rahisi sana ukilinganisha na mizinga ya magogo inayotundikwa juu ya mti, kwa kuwa haihitaji vifaa maalumu.

• Aina hii ya mizinga huwekwa kwa kuninginia jambo ambalo siyo rahisi kushambuliwa na wadudu/wanyama wanaokula asali. Inajaa haraka sana wakati ambao ni msimu wa asali kutengenezwa kwa wingi.

Hasara

• Kichane kwenye mzinga wa boksi hakina kishikizo hivyo huvunjika kwa urahisi sana kama hakitashikwa kwa uangalifu.

• Masega huvunwa pamoja na asali, jambo linalolazimu nyuki kutengeneza tena masega mengine na husababisha kupungua kwa uzalishaji wa asali.

Mzinga wa Langstroth unaweza kukupatia asali zaidi

Hii ni aina nzuri na rahisa sana ya mzinga. Pia hufahamika kama mzinga wa fremu, kwa kuwa ina fremu ambazo vichane vya masega hujishikiza. Pia una chumba kikubwa ambacho malkia hutagia mayai. Malkia anazuiliwa kuhama kwenda chumba kingine kwa kutumia waya. Kwenye chemba maalumu ya kutagia juu yake pana chemba ya kuhifadhia asali. Vichane vya masega vinatengezwa kwenye fremu na si kwenye nguzo kama ilivyo kwenye Top bar.

Ili kuvuna asali, mfugaji akiwa na masega yaliyojaa asali, hutumia vifaa maalum kwa ajili ya urinaji na kuhifadhi asali bila kupata tabu.

Langstroth ni gali kiasi fulani kwani huuzwa kuanzia kiasi cha TSh 70,000. Unaweza kuipata kutoka katika taasisi zilizopo hapo chini, taasisi na karakana binafsi, au wakala wa Serikali.

Chanzo: Mkulima Mbunifu

Nyanya zinahitaji matunzo ili upate mavuno

Mkulima atapata faida kubwa ikiwa atatunza zao la nyanya kwa uangalifu mkubwa.

Nyanya huzaa vizuri sana hasa zinapowekewa mbolea mboji au samadi iliyooza vizuri. Unaweza kuongeza mbolea ya minjingu kiasi cha kijiko kimoja cha chakula au vijiko 3 vya chai kwa kila shimo. Endapo ardhi ina upungufu wa mbolea asili, inashauriwa kupanda kwanza mimea yenye uwezo wa kutoa mbolea vunde bora kama vile kunde, mucuna, soya au clotalaria kabla ya kusia mbegu za nyanya au kupanda. Epuka mbolea za viwandani kwa kuwa nitrojeni ikizidi husababisha nyanya kuvimba, na baadaye kuoza kirahisi, pia husababisha mnyanya kukua kupita kawaida. Kuwa na nitrojeni iliyozidi kwenye udongo pia husababisha majani kuwa laini sana hivyo kuvutia wadudu na magonjwa kirahisi. Ushindani wa magugu dhidi ya nyanya zako unakuwa ni mkubwa sana, hasa sehemu zenye joto na unyevu mwingi.

Ili kudhibiti magugu kwenye eneo lililo wazi, fyeka mara kwa mara na uhakikishe kuwa ni mafupi kuliko nyanya mpaka hapo nyanya zitakapokomaa na kuiva. Acha magugu uliyofyeka kwenye shamba lako yawe kama matandazo ili kusaidia kupunguza au kuzuia mmomonyoko wa ardhi, kupunguza joto kwenye ardhi na kuhifadhi unyevu kwenye udongo. Hii inaweza pia kufanywa kwa kupalilia kwa mikono katikati ya mistari ya nyanya, na kuweka matandazo hayo katikati ya mistari.

Fito

Kwa aina ya nyanya zinazorefuka sana, chomeka walau fito zenye urefu wa mita 2 katika kila mche wa nyanya na ufungie kwa kutumia kamba. Badala yake unaweza kutengeneza kichanja chenye nyaya na nguzo kila baada ya mita 1 au 2 na nyingine yenye urefu wa mita 0.15 kutoka ardhini. Funga kamba imara kwa kila mnyanya. Mnyanya unaweza kuzungushwa kwa uangalifu mkubwa kwenye kamba hiyo kulingana na unavyokuwa.

Kukatia matawi ni muhimu sana kwa aina zote za nyanya. Unaweza kuacha shina kukua na kukata matawi mawili ya awali ili kuruhusu mmea kukua vizuri. Kata matawi kulingana na mmea unavyokuwa kwa wiki. Mmea unapokuwa na viriba 6 au 8 vya maua ni vizuri kukata kichwa ili kuwezesha ukuaji mzuri matunda yatakayotokea ambayo yatakuwa na soko zuri. Majani yaliyo karibu na ardhi ni lazima yaondolewe ili kusaidia kuzuia uwezekano wa mabaka kuingia kwenye mmea na matunda. Hakuna kanuni za kukata matawi au kupata idadi flani ya matunda kwa kila mmea, hii inategemeana na mkulima na aina ya nyanya.  Nyanya zinahitaji umwagiliaji mzuri katika siku za mwanzo toka kupandwa, wakati wa kuchanua, na wakati wa kukuza matunda. Kupatikana kwa maji ya kutosha kwenye minyanya, husaidia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuwa na mazao na kukomaa kwa wakati mmoja.  Husaidia pia kupunguza uwezekano wa kuvimba na kuoza kwa nyanya, muonekano usiokuwa wa kawaida hutokana na ukosefu wa kalishamu ya kutosha wakati wa kutengeneza na kukuza matunda. Wakati wa kiangazi, ni muhimu kunyweshea angalau mara mbili kwa wiki. Unyeshaji kwa njia ya matone ni njia bora zaidi na isiyokuwa na madhara ukilinganisha na umwagiliaji wa mifereji, hii ni kwa sababu maji hudondoka kidogo kidogo kwenye shina.

Kuvuna

Nyanya kwa ajili ya kuuza zinaweza kuvunwa zikiwa bado na rangi ya kijani baada ya kukomaa, kisha zinaweza kuiva zikiwa zinasafirishwa kwenda sokoni, au zikahifadhiwa kwanza ili ziive. Nyanya zinazotumika kwa ajili ya kutengeneza supu, juisi, na mchuzi huachwa shambani mpaka ziive kiasi cha asilimia 85. Nyanya huchumwa zikiwa bado ngumu, lakini kiasi cha asilimia 65 huwa tayari kuchumwa kwa wakati mmoja.

Wadudu wa nyanya na njia za asili za kudhibiti

Sota (cutworms)

Hawa ni wadudu hatari wanaoshambulia vitalu vya nyanya. Wanakata shina la mimea iliyooteshwa au inayoota.

Ni nini cha kufanya;

• Ondoa magugu mapema, angalau wiki mbili kabla ya kupanda.

• Chimbua na utifue vizuri shamba lako kabla ya kupanda. Hii inasaidia kuwaibua sota na kufanya waliwe na maadui zao.

• Tengeneza wigo kulinda miche iliyohamishwa na kupandwa shambani. Wigo unaweza kutengenezwa kwa kuzungushia karatasi, karatasi ya foili, au ubao mwepesi kuzunguka sehemu ya bustani.

• Chimba karibu ya mimea iliyoharibiwa na uwateketeze sota.

• Wahifadhi wadudu wa asili wanaokula sota.

Vidukari (Aphids)

Vidukari hunyonya maji kwenye mimea na kusababisha mimea kupunguza uwezo wa kukua, pia hutoa ute kama asali, ambao husababisha unga unga unaosababisha mimea kukakamaa. Unga huu kwenye matunda husababisha yasipate soko.

Ni nini cha kufanya;

• Tunza wadudu wa asili wanaokula vidukari. Epuka kutumia madawa kwa wingi kwani yanaweza kuua wadudu wa asili wanaodhibiti vidukari.

• Tumia matandazo yanayong’aa. Vitu vinavyo akisi mwanga kama vile aluminiamu, husaidia vidukari wasiwezi kutua kwenye mimea.

Minyoo – (Root-knot nematodes)

Root knot huathiri sana nyanya.  Madhara yanakuwa makubwa zaidi sehemu yenye udongo wa kichanga na kunyeshea kwa kutuamisha maji. Minyoo husababisha vifundo kwenye mizizi. Mimea iliyoathiriwa hunyauka, na wakati mwingine hufa kabisa wakati wa jua.

Ni nini cha kufanya;

• Fanya mzunguko wa nyanya na nafaka.

• Usiweke kitalu cha miche mahali ambapo unahisi kuwepo magonjwa.

• Tumia aina ya nyanya inayostahimili magonjwa.

• Panda mazao mseto.

• Hakikisha kuna kiasi cha kutosha cha mbolea asili kwenye udongo.

Chanzo: Mkulima Mbunifu

Pandikiza parachichi upate mavuno zaidi

Msukumo wa uhitaji mkubwa wa parachichi kwa wingi na zenye ubora unawasukuma wakulima kutumia teknolojia mpya.

 

Upandikizaji hujumuisha aina mbili za mimea. Unachukua mmea mmoja ambao unadhani hauna tija nzuri, na sehemu ya mmea mwingine ambao una ubora zaidi na kupandikiza kwa kukata na kufunga pamoja ili kupata mbegu bora zaidi. Utaratibu wa kupandikiza hivi sasa umekuwa silaha ya wakulima kuwakomboa dhidi ya wadudu pamoja na magonjwa, na hili kwa sasa halifanyiki tena maabara kama ilivyokuwa awali na hii inadhibitishwa na yale tuliyojionea Njombe tulipotembelea wakulima.

 

Kwenye shamba la bwana Bosco Kidenya, ana kitalu chenye zaidi ya miche 1200 ya miparachichi, baadhi ikiwa tayari imeshapandikizwa na mingine ikiwa inasubiri kufikia wakati wa kupandikiza.  Huyu ni mmoja kati ya wakulima walio wengi wanaofanya kazi kwa karibu na CARITAS Njombe, kuboresha uzalishaji wa parachichi, pamoja na kuboresha kipato cha wakulima ambao wanazalisha matunda na mboga mboga.

Mbinu wanayotumia

Wakulima hukusanya kokwa za parachichi kutoka maeneo ya sokoni; wanachofanya ni kuhakikisha tu kuwa mbegu hiyo ni safi, haijaathiriwa na magonjwa na itaota. Baada ya hapo huchagua zile zenye muundo mzuri na kuzipanda kwenye boksi au kwenye sehemu ya kitalu. Baada ya kuota huziotesha kwenye makopo, au kwenye viriba kisha kuendelea kumwagilia maji mpaka zinapokuwa na umbo usawa wa penseli. Upandikizaji ni lazima ufanyike wakati mmea umefikisha unene wa penseli. Kupandikiza kwa kutumia chipukizi lililolingana na mche unaopandikizia ni njia yenye mafanikio zaidi.

Upandikizaji ni lazima ufanyike wakati ambao mizizi bado ni laini. Pandikizi litakalotumika wakati wa kupandikiza ni lazima lisiwe katika hatua ya ukuaji kwa wakati huo, na ni lazima umbo liwiane na mti linapopandikizwa kuzuia maji yasipotee na kusababisha pandikizi kukauka.

 

Mapandikizi ni lazima yatokane na aina ya parachichi ambazo zimeboreshwa kama vile hass, fuerte  au puebla. Kwa wale wakulima ambao mmea utatoa majani mapya. wana mkataba na Africado, watahitajikupata mapandikizi kutoka kwenye miti ya hass. Hii ina maanisha kuwa mkulima anayetaka kuanzisha kitalu kwa ajili ya kupandikiza ni lazima apande walau miti 5 ya parachichi aina ya hass ili kupata mapandikizi.

Njia ya kupandikiza ina ufanisi zaidi na ni rahisi kuliko kupanda miche upya, kwa kupandikiza inagharimu chini ya asilimia 75, kuliko kupanda miche upya na kuweza kupata aina ambayo inastahimili magonjwa. Wakulima pia wamekuwa na rikodi nzuri ya ongezeko la mavuno kutokana na mimea waliyopandikiza, pamoja na upungufu wa matumizi ya madawa.

Wakulima ambao wanafanya kazi zao chini ya CARITAS Njombe sasa wanaona faida kubwa inayotokana na kupandikiza, wameamua kuwekeza kwenye utaalamu huu na kuwa na miche mingi kwenye vitalu vyao. Hii ni mbinu ya kilimo ambayo ina faida kubwa kwa mkulima, huku akiwa amewekeza kwa kiasi kidogo sana katika kukabiliana na wadudu na magonjwa na kuepuka kuwa na mazao yenye ubora wa chini.

Namna ya kupanda

• Nafasi halisi inayohitajika na mmea wa parachichi ili ukae vizuri ni nafasi ya 9m x 9m. Chimba shimo katika vipimo vya 60sm x 60sm kwa 60sm kwenda chini kisha tenga udongo wa juu na wa chini. Changanya udongo wa juu na mbolea ndoo moja iliyooza vizuri, pamoja na kiganja kilichojaa cha mbolea ya minjingu.

• Ondoa mche wako kwenye kiriba ulipopandwa. Hii itakuwa rahisi zaidi endapo ulikuwa umenyweshea muda kidogo uliopita. Panda kwa kutumia udongo wa juu uliochanganya na mbolea na uweke mpaka kujaza shimo.

• Mwagilia maji mara baada ya kupanda. Funika mmea mchanga kwa kutumia majani ya migomba au aina nyingine ya majani yanayofanana na hayo, mpaka kufikia kipindi ambacho mmea utatoa majani mapya.